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LIBRARY 


Vol.  V,  No.  7 


REPRINTED    FROM 


THE 


July  15, 1908 


Psychological  Bulletin 


J.  MARK  BALDWIN 
Johns  Hopkins  University 


EDITED    BY 


HOWARD  C.  WARREN 
Princeton  University 


CHARLES    H.  JUDD,  Yale  \]^iyE.^?.\T\  {Editor  Psychological  Monographs) 
WITH  THE    CO-OPERATION   OF 

J.  W.  BAIRD,  University  of  Illinois  ;  H.  Heath  Bawden,  Philadelphia  ;  T.  L. 
BOLTON,  University  of  Nebraska;  E.  F.  BUCHNER,  University  of  Alabama;  R. 
DODGE,  Wesleyan  University;  J.  G.  HIBBEN,  Princeton  University;  IRVING  KING, 
University  of  Michigan;  J.  H.  LEUBA,  Bryn  Mawr  College;  R.  MacDOUGALL,  New 
York  University;  A.  MEYER,  N.  Y.  State  Pathol.  Inst.;  MAX  MEYER,  University 
of  Missouri;  I.  W.  RILEY,  Vassar  College;  G.  M.  STRATTON,  Johns  Hopkins  Uni- 
versity; E.  J.  SWIFT,  Washington  University;  J.  H.  TUFTS,  University  of  Chicago; 
W.  M.  urban,  Trinity  College,  Hartford;  J.  B.  WATSON,  University  of  Chicago; 
W.  M.  WHEELER,  American  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 


A   PHYSIOLOGICAL   INTRODUCTION   TO   THE   STUDY 

OF   PHILOSOPHY 


by 


BY  DR.  SHEPHERD  IVORY  FRANZ 
Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  Washington. 


1 4  •  • 
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.••. 


published  monthly  by 
THE   REVIEW   PUBLISHING   COMPANY 

41    NORTH    QUEEN    ST.,    LANCASTER,  PA., 
AND  BALTIMORE,  MD. 

Agents  :   G.  E.  STECHERT  &  CO.,  London  (a  Star  Yard,  Carey  St.,  W.  C); 

Leipzig  (Hospital  St.,  10);  Paris  (76  rued:  Rennes). 

Madkid:  DANIEL  JORRO  (Calle  de  la  Paz,  23). 

Kotered  as  second-class  matter  January  21,  1904,  at  the  post-ofTicc  at  Lancaster,  Pa.,  under 
Act  of  Cun|{re*s  uf  March  3,  1879. 


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A    PHYSIOLOGICAL    INTRODUCTION    TO    THE    STUDY 

OF  PHILOSOPHY.! 

BY  DR.  SHEPHERD  IVORY  FRANZ, 
Govertiment  Hospital  for  the  Insane^    Washington. 

Although  from  time  to  time  we  read  that  much  of  so-called 
physiology  is  psychology,  that  too  much  of  so-called  psychology  is 
physiology,  that  the  physiology  of  the  nervous  system  exists  only  by 
reason  of  psychological  observations  and  that  psychology  must  return 
more  to  introspective  methods,  there  appears  to  be  an  agreement 
among  teachers  and  text-book  writers  that  a  certain  amount  of  physi- 
ology is  necessary  for  psychological  teaching  and  thinking.  Opinions 
differ,  however,  regarding  the  What?  and  the  Hotu  Much?  of  phys- 
iology that  are  essential  or  valuable.  Beyond  the  barest  outline  of  the 
(K  physiology  of  the  central  nervous  system  and  the  special  senses  to  be 
found  in  the  text-books  of  psychology,  where  may  the  teacher  or  the 
student  look  for  further  knowledge.^  In  English,  Ferrier's  Functions 
of  the  Brain^  which  was  the  standard  at  the  time  the  reviewer  was  a 
student  and  which,  although  out  of  date,  still  remains  in  many  re- 
spects unsurpassed,  has  not  been  succeeded  by  any  single  English  work 
that  may  be  utilized  for  the  instruction  of  psychological  students  in 
what  may  be  properly  called  physiological  psychology.  In  both 
French  and  German,  however,  there  are  a  number  of  books  or  parts 
of  books  that  may  be  profitably  placed  before  the  more  competent 
students  of  psychology,  but  unfoitunately  too  few  students  are  able  to 
profit  by  tlic  reading  of  the  foreign  language.  Probably  the  most 
noteworthy  of  tliesc  works  from  the  psychological  standpoint  are  the 
excellent  articles  on  the  brain  in  Richet's  Dictionnaire  de  Physiologic^ 

^  Introduction  physiotogique  a  V Htide  de  ta philosophie.     J.  Grasset.     Pre- 
face par  M.  BENOIST.     Paris:  Alcan,  1908.      Pp.  xii-l-368. 

21-? 


214  SHEPHERD  IVORY  FRANZ. 

and  those  of  von  Monakow  in  Ergebnisse  der  Physiologie.  In  ad- 
dition to  tliese  there  are  some  special  works  dealing  with  the  structure 
and  function  of  the  nervous  system.  Few,  however,  are  like  Grasset's 
work  in  that  they  have  been  written  for  the  special  or  the  probable  use 
by  students  of  psychology. 

In  the  preface  we  are  told  by  M.  Benoist,  the  rector  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Montpellier,  that  the  contents  of  the  book  were  given  in  the 
form  of  lectures  to  students  of  philosophy  in  the  university  in 
accordance  with  a  general  plan  of  having  specialists  in  the  sciences 
and  in  other  subjects  allied  to  philosophy  lecture  on  their  own  subjects 
to  the  students  of  philosophy  and  psychology.  In  addition  to  the 
lectures  of  Professor  Grasset  there  were  given  lectures  on  certain 
fundamental  principles  of  physics,  biology,  law  and  ethics,  and  history 
by  the  respective  professors,  as  an  indication  of  the  value  of  these 
subjects  to  students  of  the  more  inclusive  subject,  philosophy. 

Professor  Grasset's  book  is  not  intended  to  be  exhaustive  in  its 
treatment  of  the  nervous  system,  but  it  is  intended  to  give  to  students 
of  philosophy  and  psychology  facts  and  principles  that  may  be  of 
value  to  them  in  their  woi'k.  It  is  divided  into  three  parts :  Defi- 
nitions and  Generalities ;  Psychic  Functions ;  and  Psychomotor  and 
Psychosensorial  Functions. 

In  the  first  part  of  the  book  is  to  be  found  the  author's  creed 
regarding  the  relation  of  physiology  and  psychology,  and  some  general 
remarks  pertaining  to  the  point  of  view.  The  author  believes  that 
psychology  and  physiology  are  two  sciences,  not  one  science  with  two 
different  aspects,  as  some  physiologists  would  have  us  believe. 
Psychology  is  in  close  connection  with  philosophy,  and  it  may  be 
necessary  to  hold  certain  philosophical  opinions  in  order  to  produce 
good  work  or  consistent  work.  In  physiology,  however,  one  must 
have  no  philosophical  opinions  to  advance  and,  further,  one  must  have 
no  special  religious  opinion  to  combat  or  to  champion.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  author  holds  that  the  physicist,  the  physiologist  and  neuro- 
biologist  can  make  their  sciences  serious  and  definite  only  if  they  have 
a  real  and  a  strong  philosophical  education.  How  unlike  the  usual 
or  ordinary  antagonism  of  scientists  toward  philosophy  is  the  latter 
statement ! 

When  we  consider  the  body  and  its  parts,  their  location  and  func- 
tion, we  are  struck  with  the  fact  that  the  anatomical  unity  is  not  always 
the  same  as  the  functional  unity.  Thus  in  the  stomach,  an  anatom- 
ical unit,  there  are  a  number  of  functional  unities.  In  the  study  of 
life  the  functional  unities  are  the  important  differentiating  elements, 


PHYSIOLOGY  AND  PHILOSOPHY.  215 

and  it  may  be  said  that  the  individuality  of  an  apparatus  depends  upon 
the  function  of  that  apparatus  regardless  of  the  geography  or  the  topo- 
graphical distribution  of  the  apparatus  or  organ.  "The  history  of 
the  taste  nerve  is  the  best  proof  of  the  independence  of  the  true  phys- 
iological unities  and  of  the  false  anatomical  unities"  (p.  336).  It  is 
the  province  of  the  physiologist,  therefore,  to  determine  the  real  unity 
of  any  organ  or  group  of  organs.  In  the  nervous  system  it  cannot  be 
doubted  that  the  anatomical  unity  is  an  artiticial  construction,  for  no 
one  can  say  where  the  spinal  cord  begins  and  the  medulla  stops,  nor 
where  the  cerebrum  begins  and  the  mid-brain  ends,  and  we  are  com- 
pelled to  concede  the  preponderating  importance  to  the  physiological 
or  the  functional  view.  In  this  sense  we  may  take  the  remark  of 
Lamarck:  "  The  function  creates  the  organ."  The  word  organ  has 
a  definite  meaning  only  from  the  physiological  point  of  view,  it  is  a 
something  that  does  some  definite  thing.  The  organ  is  defined  by  the 
function  that  it  accomplishes,  and  we  may  not  properly  speak  of  the 
spinal  cord  or  of  the  cerebrum  except  in  common  language,  because 
for  the  physiologist  the  spinal  cord  and  the  medulla  oblongata  and  the 
cerebellum  and  the  cerebrum  do  not  exist  as  distinct  unities,  they  are 
interrelated  into  one  functioning  organ.  This  standpoint  has  been 
taken  throughout  the  book  and  we  will  look  in  vain  for  special  discus- 
sions of  the  functions  of  the  spinal  cord  and  the  peripheral  nerves,  or 
of  any  of  the  other  anatomical  divisions  of  the  nervous  system.  We 
are  to  deal  with  the  anatomical  localization  of  functions,  but  more 
especially  shall  we  read  of  the  functions  and  their  anatomical  connec- 
tions. In  other  words,  for  example,  we  are  not  to  lay  the  emphasis 
on  the  location  of  the  hearing  centers  in  the  temporal  lobes  or  of  the 
visual  centers  in  the  occipital  lobes,  but  we  must  consider  the  relation 
of  hearing  and  of  vision  to  the  nervous  system  as  a  whole.  In  the 
case  of  hearing  it  is  the  connection  or  the  functional  relation  of  the 
cochlear  nucleus  to  the  posterior  quadrigeminal  body,  to  the  geniculate 
body,  and  to  the  temporal  lobe  that  is  of  importance.  In  vision  it  is 
the  similar  relation  of  quadrigemina,  geniculata,  and  the  pulvinar  and 
the  occipital  lobes  that  is  to  be  considered.  Moreover,  in  both  these 
cases  we  must  realize  that  the  goal  is  not  the  cortex  of  the  cerebrum, 
but  that  there  are  outgoing  paths  to  take  the  centripetal  impulses  and 
to  make  them  mean  something  for  the  individual  by  producing  an 
outward  expression.  In  this  discussion  the  author  considers  the  usual 
method  of  presentation  of  the  functions  of  the  nervous  system  and 
makes  war  on  the  habit  of  phylogenetic  presentation,  which  must  be 
largely  anatomical.      For  the  proper  understanding  of  the  functions  of 


3 1 6  SHEPHERD  I VOR  Y  FRANZ. 

the  nervous  system  Grasset  believes  that  we  must  first  consider  the 
most  highly  developed  system  and  descend  to  the  simple,  not  ascend 
from  the  simple  to  the  complex.  For  the  investigation  and  under- 
standing of  other  bodily  systems  it  may  be  advantageous  to  go  from 
the  ama>ba  to  man,  but  we  are  able  to  understand  the  nervous  system 
of  the  lower  animals  only  after  having  considered  the  nervous  system 
of  man  and  not  the  reverse. 

Part  two  is  devoted  to  the  '  psychic  functions.'  In  this  part  the 
author  discusses  and  defines  some  terms,  divides  mental  states  into 
two  '  psychisms,'  gives  a  critical  resume  of  the  facts  of  anatomical 
localization  of  psychic  functions,  and  considers  the  problem  of  respon- 
sibility and  mental  therapeutics. 

The  word  psychic  has  not  the  same  connotation  as  the  words  men- 
tal and  consciousness.  The  psychic  functions  are  defined  as  those  in 
which  there  is  '■thought'  —  not  intellectual  as  opposed  to  affective, 
but  both  intellectual  and  affective — and  which  are  produced  or  de- 
veloped in  the  neurones  of  the  cerebral  cortex  (p.  34).  Conscious- 
ness is  not  necessarily  a  characteristic  of  a  psychic  state,  and  the 
mental  is  only  a  part  of  the  psychic,  for  (interesting  definition)  psy- 
chic functions  have  their  seat  over  all  the  cerebral  cortex  while  the 
mental  are  located  exclusively  in  one  part  or  in  parts  of  the  cerebral 
cortex.  The  psychic  functions  are  divided  into  the  superior  (volun- 
tary and  conscious)  and  the  inferior  (involuntary  and  unconscious), 
and  for  these  two  orders  of  psychic  functions  there  are  two  different 
centers.  The  centers  for  the  superior  and  the  Inferior  psychic  func- 
tions are,  according  to  Grasset,  respectively  the  frontal  and  the  pari- 
eto-occipital  parts  of  the  cortex.  He  criticizes  and  combats  the  idea 
that  both  psychic  functions  are  concerned  with  the  same  neurones, 
but  with  different  degrees  or  intensities  of  activity,  a  position  held  by 
Janet,  Dumas,  Binet  and  Hitzig.  To  make  his  views  more  easily 
understood  Grasset  constructed  the  accompanying  figure,  which  he 
later  refers  to  as  the  '  polygon.' 

In  this  figure  O  represents  the  superior  psychic  center  or  the  cen- 
ter of  conscious  personality,  of  free  will,  of  the  responsible  ego, 
which  the  author  locates  in  the  cortex  of  the  prefrontal  lobe.  A  is  the 
auditory  center,  located  in  the  cortex  of  the  temporal  lobes ;  V  the 
visual  center,  located  in  the  region  of  the  calcarine  fissure;  Z'the 
tactile  and  general  sensibilities,  localized  in  the  region  about  the  fissure 
of  Rolando ;  W  the  center  for  writing,  in  the  cortex  at  the  foot  of 
the  left  second  frontal  convolution ;  6"  the  center  for  speech,  cortex 
at  the  foot  of   the  left  third   frontal   convolution ;  and   K  the  kinetic 


PHYSIOLOGY  AND  PHILOSOPHY. 


!I7 


center  or  the  center  for  general  movements,  located  in  the  cortex  about 
the  fissure  of  Rolando.  O  represents  all  the  neurones  for  the  superior 
psychic  functions,  while  the  more  numerous  inferior  psychic  centers 
are  represented  by  the  polygon  WSKA  VT.  To  A  go  all  the  differ- 
ent auditory  impressions,  to  V  the  visual,  and  to  T  the  tactual  and 
general  sense  impressions.  From  W  there  go  out  the  impulses  for 
graphic  expression,  from  S  those  for  verbal  expression,  and  from  K 
those  for  general  bodily  movement.  This  scheme  represents  only 
some  of  the  important  paths,  and  for  completeness  many  move 
would  need  to  be  introduced  from  the  sensory  or  the  afferent  side, 
such  as  those  for  taste  and  smell.     In  normal  individuals,  as  shown 


Fig.  r.     Scheme  of  the  center  (9  and  of  the  polygon  IVSKAVT. 


\\\  the  figure,  all  the  different  centers  are  connected  by  association 
paths  that  assure  collaboration  and  synergy.  Between  the  super- 
ior psychic  center  O  and  the  motor  centers  W^,  5,  K  the  author 
assumes  not  only  centrifugal  paths,  which  permit  the  passage  of  im- 
pulses from  the  center  O  to  the  appropriate  motor  center,  but  also 
centripetal  paths  which  transmit  impulses  from  the  motor  centers  to 
the  higher  center,  whenever  the  activity  of  M^,  6",  A^,  has  been  pro- 
duced, whether  by  action  of  the  center  O  or  by  the  activity  of  the 
centers  ^,  K,  7  in  the  inferior  psychic  level.  This  last  form  of  dis- 
charge is  apparently  the  substrate  for  a  form  of  the  '  feeling  of  inner- 
vation.' 


2 1 8  SHEPHERD  I VOR  Y  FRANZ. 

Using  this  scheme  as  a  basis  Grasset  attempts  to  explain  a  number 
of  borderland  and  pathological  states,  such  as  sleep  and  dreams,  hyp- 
nosis, motor  automatisms,  hysteria  and  the  insanities,  and  the  aphasias. 
Lack  of  space  prevents  taking  up  more  than  a  few  of  these  in  detail, 
but  all  are  explained  as  disaggregation  or  dissociation  of  parts  of  the 
mechanism.  Most  are  due,  we  are  told,  to  a  temporary  or  permanent 
functional  break  between  the  O  and  the  lower  polygon.  In  sleep,  for 
example,  there  is  a  cessation  of  the  function  of  the  superior  psychic 
O,  although  psychic  activity  is  not  entirely  suspended.  The  continua- 
tion of  the  functioning  of  the  lower  psychic  centers  constitutes  or  is 
the  neural  basis  of  dreaming.  Hysteria,  which  has  been  well  described 
as  "  an  enfeeblement  of  the  faculty  of  psychological  synthesis,  a  con- 
traction of  the  field  of  consciousness,  and  a  tendency  to  a  more  or  less 
complete  division  of  the  personality  with  the  formation  of  many  inde- 
pendent groups,"  is  readily  understood  if  we  accept  the  scheme  of 
Grasset  as  indicating  the  manner  in  which  all  j^sychic  states  are  con- 
stituted. The  hysterias  are  from  this  standpoint  disaggregations  of  the 
different  parts  of  the  polygon,  the  functional  breaking  away  of  the 
different  parts  that  go  to  make  up  the  normal  mental  process. 

In  the  next  chapter  the  author  considers  from  the  polygonal  point 
of  view  a  number  of  psychological  problems  :  sensibility,  ideas,  atten- 
tion, memory,  imagination,  the  association  of  ideas  and  images,  inspi- 
ration, reason  and  judgment,  and  will.  Then  follow  discussions  of 
the  functions  relating  to  the  preservation  and  the  gi'owth  of  the  life  of 
the  individual,  of  the  social  man,  and  of  the  species.  In  each  of  these 
chapters  the  physiological  or  normal  function  is  explained  and  the 
author  adds  discussions  of  the  pathology  of  the  mental  condition.  In 
these  two  chapters  there  are  collected  most  of  the  important  facts  of 
pathological  psychology,  a  subject  with  which  the  author  is  thoroughly 
personally  acquainted,  in  the  selection  of  which  there  is  shown  rare 
good  judgment. 

Grasset  next  treats  of  the  localization  of  the  '  psychism '  in  the 
cerebrum.  To  the  question :  Is  the  psychism  localizable  in  the  cere- 
brum }  he  answers :  it  is  localizable,  but  we  must  not  hastily  conclude 
that  it  has  been  localized.  The  facts  regarding  the  sensory  functions 
of  the  cerebrum  are  given,  Flechsig's  researches  on  the  association 
tracts  are  mentioned  and  the  opinions  of  many  physiologists  are  cited 
to  show  that  most  investigators  of  the  question  believe  the  frontal  lobe 
concerned  with  the  higher  mental  processes,  if  we  may  speak  of  such. 
The  author  quotes  the  reviewer  as  in  favor  of  this  hypothesis,  but  it 
may  be  said  that  this  conclusion  was  not  and  is  not  the  opinion  of  the 


PHYSIOLOG Y  AND  PHIL OSOPH Y.  219 

present  writer.^  The  conclusions  which  are  made  after  the  considera- 
tion of  all  the  facts  are  that  the  superior  psychism  is  not,  as  Janet 
and  Joffroy  conclude,  merely  due  to  a  different  degree  of  the  activity 
of  the  same  neurones  that  subserve  the  lower  psychism,  that  the 
frontal  lobes  are  not  chiefly  concerned  with  emotional  conditions,  such 
as  gaiety  or  sadness,  but  that  when  they  are  diseased  there  is  an  escape 
from  inhibition  of  the  lower  centers  which  become  hyperactive,  and 
that  for  the  further  investigation  of  the  problem  it  is  necessary  to  have 
more  careful  analyses  of  the  mental  phenomena  in  pathological  cases. 
Chapters  follow  on  the  physiopathological  problem  of  responsi- 
bility, psychic  functions  in  therapeutics,  language,  emotion  and  mim- 
icry, general  sensitivomotor  function,  orientation  and  equilibrium, 
vision,  hearing,  taste,  smell,  and  the  functions  of  nutrition.  The 
chapters  on  responsibility  and  therapeutics  are  interesting  largely  to 
physicians,  the  former  possibly  also  to  ethical  writers,  although  the 
author  has  published  his  conclusions  regarding  responsibility  in  more 
extended  form  in  Demifous  et  Deniirespoiisables.  In  his  discussion 
of  language  the  author  combats  the  opinions  of  Marie,  who,  it  will  be 
remembered,  says  that  "  the  third  frontal  convolution  plays  no  special 
role  in  the  function  of  language."  The  neural  processes  in  emotion 
are  as  follows :  there  is  an  excitation  of  certain  sensory  centers  in 
which  the  sensation  is  '  perceived,  becomes  emotion,  and  from  which 
go  out  a  double  efferent  excitation';  there  is  a  stimulation  of  the  optic 
thalamus  centers  or  rather  of  the  basilar  optic  thalamic  —  striate  nuclei 
centers,  thence  a  stimulation  of  the  inferior  bulbo-medullary  centers 
whence  go  the  excitations  for  the  visceral,  circulatory,  respiratory  and 

1  This  is  not  the  place  in  which  to  bring  forward  special  evidence  and  to 
elaborate  personal  hypotheses,  but  to  the  reviewer  the  following  tentative 
hypothesis  appears  to  be  the  most  acceptable  :  All  parts  of  the  cerebrum  are 
engaged  in  intellectual  processes.  Or,  to  be  more  exact,  we  may  say  that  all 
parts  of  the  cerebral  cortex  are  so  engaged.  Certain  parts  we  know  have  defin- 
ite sensory  or  perceptual  functions,  other  parts  are  more  intimately  concerned 
with  the  production  of  movements,  and  still  other  parts  are  chiefly  employed 
neither  for  sensation  nor  for  movement,  but  for  what  has  been  called  association. 
The  two  large  and  important  areas,  anterior  and  posterior,  of  association  have 
the  same  general  function,  that  of  being  connecting  links  between  the  sensory 
processes  on  the  one  hand  and  the  motor  products  on  the  other  hand.  The  two 
areas  work  in  harmony,  but  tlie  posterior  receives  impulses  from  the  sensory 
centers  and  the  anterior  is  mainly  connected  with  the  motor  centers.  In  the 
formation  of  an  association,  the  following  neural  processes  are  conceived  to  take 
place  :  stimulation  of  some  sensory  center  or  centers,  transmission  to  the  pos- 
terior association  area,  transmission  to  the  anterior  association  area,  transmission 
to  the  motor  area,  and  impulse  to  lower  motor  centers. 


220  SHEPHERD   IVORY  FRANZ. 

digestive  manifestations  (p.  237).  The  emotion  itself  is  due  to  certain 
discharges  in  the  upper  cerebral  neurones.  When  an  impression  reaches 
the  psychic  neurones  it  produces  the  mental  state  sensation  ;  "if  the  proc- 
ess be  further  complicated  and  it  extend  to  a  greater  number  of  neurones 
the  sensation  becomes  agreeable  or  disagreeable  and  there  is  pleasure 
or  pain  —  if  still  further  complicated  we  have  an  emotion,  joy  or  sad- 
ness" (p.  83).  The  area  about  the  fissure  of  Rolando  is  believed  to 
be  sensorimotor  rather  than  divided  into  a  motor  region  anterior  to  the 
fissure  and  a  sensory  region  posterior  to  the  fissure,  as  the  clinical  and 
physiological  results  teach.  The  occipital  lobe  is  also  both  sensory 
and  motor,  and  the  hearing  center  has  a  similar  combination  of  func- 
tions. The  validity  of  these  conclusions  is,  the  reviewer  believes, 
questionable  in  view  of  the  many  facts  that  have  recently  been  col- 
lected by  pathologists,  clinicians  and  physiologists,  and  the  author  in 
these  chapters  appears  an  advocate  and  not  a  judge. 

Although  he  uses  his  scheme  of  the  polygon  throughout  and  thus 
appears  to  have  a  materialistic  standpoint,  the  author  keeps  in  mind 
the  fact  that  the  mental  state  is  not  the  anatomical  nor  the  physiological 
condition.  For  him  the  mental  state  is  something  that  is  not  the 
same  as  the  action  of  the  neurone,  something  that  cannot  be  explained 
in  terms  of  the  physics  and  chemistry  of  nervous  tissue.  It  is  refresh- 
ing to  pick  up  a  book  written  by  a  physician  and  find  that  not  only 
has  the  old  anatomical  standpoint  given  way  to  a  functional  one,  but 
that  the  distinction  is  drawn  between  the  purely  functional  and  the 
mental. 

Two  serious  defects  of  the  work  are  the  lack  of  an  index  and  the 
absence  of  any  quantity  of  references.  Most  of  the  references  that  are 
given  are  to  French  authors  and  magazines ;  full  references  to  German 
authors  are  almost  lacking,  although  names  of  both  German  and  Eng- 
lish investigators  are  mentioned. 

For  its  standpoint  and  its  numerous  facts  the  book  may  be  recom- 
mended ;  it  appears  to  the  reviewer  that  it  will  be  more  valuable  to 
teachers  than  to  students.  For  the  use  of  students  a  little  more  anat- 
omy would  be  helpful  and  this  could  be  included  without  augmenting 
the  size  of  the  work  if  the  chapters  on  responsibility  and  therapeutics 
were  omitted.  The  illustrations  are  well  selected  and  sufficiently 
numerous,  and  it  is  a  relief  not  to  find  all  the  worn  out  cuts  of  earlier 
works.  A  translation  of  the  book,  with  additions  of  chapters  on 
anatomy,  of  an  index  and  of  a  bibliography  would  fill  one  of  the  gaps 
in  our  series  of  physiological  and  psychological  text-books. 


^ 


124.9U 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 

Los  Angeles 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


REC'O  LO-URi; 

J,UL.-^1 1980 


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